So somebody sent you some cactus chunks in the mail...
Here's what I wrote in reply to one of the lucky recipents earlier. I figured I'd paste it here so we can all be on the same page.
I wrote (TOP ^) on the paper wrappers on the ambiguous pieces, but completely forgot to tell you guys to look out for that.
Oops. It is kind of hard to describe which end is up without a pic (a pic might be necessary) but I'll try. Each spine cluster is oriented at the top of the bump where it resides. The clusters face up at about a 45o angle. Look closeley at the spine orientation on your tip cuttings (if available) and compare them to those on the middle chunks. Once you see what you're looking at, it should be pretty straightforward.
Cactus cuttings can also be simply laid down on the soil horizontally so that about 1" of the log is buried. Roots will grow from wherever the piece is in contact with the soil and pups will grow along the top side.
As far as the white spots go, I'm pretty sure what you're seeing is callus tissue that grew over previous damage. But some pics might be a good idea just so I can help you with any potential problems. Either way, giving the plants a few weeks to callus would be recommended just in case there's damage that we can't see.
San Pedros (and most other Trichocereus cacti) aren't desert plants like other cacti. They're used to deep, freely draining soil with decent nutrient holding capacity that has accumulated at high elevations in mountains formed of calcareous parent strata. They are, however, subject to long dry seasons where no moisture falls for much of the year. These three sentences will tell you the majority of what you need to know when growing them.
Good, high quality organic potting soil with extra perlite (1:3 - perlite:soil) is a good ratio to start with. Even though they aren't desert plants, they don't like prolonged sogginess - the perlite comes in handy during prolonged rainy periods. Also, the perlite is essential for keeping soil from staying too wet while young cuttings are developing root systems. And the added lime brings up the pH and [Ca] of the soil to mimic the influence of the limestone prevalent in their environment.
If you have recently recieved cactus cuttings in the mail and have questions regarding their care, this is the place to ask. And remember,
(pics will also greatly help me help you.)